IGENZURA RY'UBURINGANIRE
Ibikoresho bya laboratwari bifatika n'ibikomoka ku binyabutabire: Gupima imashini, gupima amashanyarazi, kugenzura no gupima bwa mbere, isesengura rya laboratwari.
Igipimo cyo gupima umugozi w'icyuma gikozwe muri foyide
1. Igipimo cyo gupima imbaraga z'icyuma gikozwe mu muringa: Iki gikoresho gikoreshwa mu gupima imbaraga z'icyuma gikozwe mu muringa mu gihe cyo kurambura. Gifasha mu gusuzuma imbaraga n'ubukomere bw'icyuma gikozwe mu muringa kugira ngo harebwe ubwiza n'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa.
Imashini ipima umunyu ikoresheje ubuhanga bwikora kandi ikoresheje ubuhanga
2. Imashini ipima umunyu ikoresheje ubuhanga bwikora: Iyi mashini yigana ibidukikije bipima umunyu kugira ngo igerageze uburyo imbaho zigendera ku ngufu nyuma yo gutunganya ubuso. Ifasha kugenzura ubwiza bw'umusaruro no kwemeza ko imikorere ihamye mu bidukikije bikomeye.
Imashini yo gupima ifite insinga enye
3. Imashini ipima insinga enye: Iki gikoresho gipima ubukana n'ubushobozi bw'insinga ku mbaho zanditseho. Gisuzuma imikorere y'amashanyarazi y'ikibaho, harimo imikorere yo kohereza n'ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi, kugira ngo harebwe ko hari imikoranire yizewe kandi ihamye.
Igipimo cy'ingufu
4. Igipimo cy’impedansi: ni igikoresho cy’ingenzi mu gukora amashami ya circuit board yacapwe. Gikoreshwa mu gupima agaciro k’impedansi ku mashini ya circuit board binyuze mu gukora ikimenyetso cya AC gihinduka inshuro zidahinduka gica mu mashini iri mu igeragezwa. Hanyuma mashini ipima ipima agaciro k’impedansi ishingiye ku itegeko rya Ohm n’imiterere y’amashami ya AC. Ibi byemeza ko amashami ya circuit board yakozwe yujuje ibisabwa n’umukiriya mu bijyanye n’impedansi.
Abakora bashobora kandi gukoresha ubu buryo bwo kugerageza kugira ngo barusheho kunoza imikorere no kongera ubushobozi bwo kugenzura impedance bw'amadirishya. Ibi ni ngombwa kugira ngo habeho ibyifuzo by'itumanaho ryihuse rya digitale na radio frequency.
Mu gihe cyose cyo gukora urubuga rw'itumanaho, igeragezwa rya impedance rikorwa mu byiciro bitandukanye:
1) Icyiciro cyo gushushanya: Abahanga mu by'ikoranabuhanga bakoresha porogaramu yo gushushanya amashanyarazi kugira ngo bashushanye kandi bashyireho imiterere y'urubaho rw'amashanyarazi. Babanza kubara no kwigana agaciro ka impedance kugira ngo barebe ko igishushanyo cyujuje ibisabwa byihariye. Iyi simulation ifasha gusuzuma impedance y'urubaho rw'amashanyarazi mbere yo gukora.
2) Intambwe ya mbere yo gukora: Mu gihe cyo gukora igishushanyo mbonera, igeragezwa rya impedance rikorwa kugira ngo harebwe ko agaciro ka impedance gahuye n'ibyo umuntu yiteze. Guhindura inzira yo gukora bishobora gukorwa hashingiwe kuri ibi bisubizo.
3) Uburyo bwo gukora: Mu gukora imbuga za circuit zifite urwego rwinshi, igeragezwa rya impedance rikorerwa ku nyubako z'ingenzi kugira ngo harebwe uburyo bwo kugenzura ibipimo nk'ubugari bwa foil y'umuringa, ubugari bw'ibikoresho bya dielectric, n'ubugari bw'umurongo. Ibi byemeza ko agaciro ka impedance ka nyuma kujuje ibisabwa mu gishushanyo.
4) Igenzura ry’ibicuruzwa rirangiye: Nyuma yo gukora, ikizamini cya nyuma cya impedance gikorerwa ku rubuga rwa interineti. Ibi byemeza ko igenzura n’ivugurura byakozwe mu gihe cyose cyo gukora byujuje ibisabwa ku gishushanyo mbonera cy’agaciro ka impedance.
Imashini yo gupima idakoresha imbaraga nyinshi
5. Imashini ipima idakoresha imbaraga nyinshi: Iyi mashini ipima imbaraga z'insinga n'aho zihurira ku rubuga rwa circuit kugira ngo irebe ko zujuje ibisabwa mu gishushanyo mbonera no kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa bifite ubwiza n'imikorere myiza.
Igipimo cy'ibizamini byo mu kirere
6. Igipimo cy’imashini ipima ikirere: Igipimo cy’imashini ipima ikirere gikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gupima agaciro k’imashini zipima ikirere n’ubushobozi bw’imashini zipima ikirere. Gishobora gukurikirana inzira y’igerageza no kumenya aho amakosa ari mu gihe nyacyo, kikagenzura neza. Igipimo cy’imashini ipima ikirere gikwiriye isuzuma ry’imashini nto n’iziciriritse, kuko gikuraho gukenera ibikoresho byo gupima, bikagabanya igihe cyo gukora n’ikiguzi.
7. Igipimo cy'ibikoresho byo gupima: Kimwe no gupima icyuma gitwara indege, isuzuma ry'agasanduku k'igerageza rikunze gukoreshwa mu gupima icyuma giciriritse n'ikinini. Gifasha gupima icyarimwe ingingo nyinshi z'igerageza, bikongera cyane imikorere y'igerageza kandi bikagabanya igihe cyo gupima. Ibi byongera umusaruro rusange w'umurongo w'igerageza, ariko bikerekana ko bishobora kongera gukoreshwa neza kandi neza.
Igipimo cy'ibikoresho byo gupima ibikoresho hakoreshejwe intoki
Igipimo cy'ibikoresho byikora
Iduka ry'ibikoresho by'ibikoresho
Igikoresho cyo gupima gifite imiterere ibiri
8. Igikoresho cyo gupimisha gifite imiterere ibiri: Iki gikoresho gifata amashusho y'ubuso bw'ikintu binyuze mu kumurika no gufotora. Hanyuma gitunganya amashusho no gusesengura amakuru kugira ngo kibone amakuru y'ubumetero kuri icyo kintu. Ibisubizo byerekanwa mu buryo bugaragara, bigatuma abakoresha babona kandi bagapima neza imiterere, ingano, aho giherereye, n'ibindi biranga ikintu.
Igikoresho cyo gupima ubugari bw'umurongo
9. Igikoresho cyo gupima ubugari bw'umurongo: Igikoresho cyo gupima ubugari bw'umurongo gikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gupima ubugari bwo hejuru n'ubwo hasi, ubuso, inguni, umurambararo w'uruziga, intera yo hagati y'uruziga, n'ibindi bipimo by'ibicuruzwa byacapwe by'urubaho nyuma yo gukora no gushushanya (mbere yo gucapa wino yo gupfuka mask). Gikoresha urumuri kugira ngo rumurikire urubaho rw'urubaho kandi gifate ikimenyetso cy'ishusho binyuze mu kongera ingufu z'amatara no guhindura ikimenyetso cya CCD. Ibisubizo byo gupima byerekanwa kuri mudasobwa, bigatuma hapimwa neza kandi neza ukanda ku ishusho.
10. Ifuru y'icyuma: Ifuru y'icyuma ikoreshwa mu gupima ubushobozi bwo gusonesha no kudashyuha kw'amabati y'amashanyarazi, kugira ngo harebwe ubwiza n'ubudahemuka bw'ingingo zisonesha.
Ikizamini cyo gusonerwa: Iki gisuzuma ubushobozi bw'ubuso bw'urubaho rw'amashanyarazi bwo gukora imigozi yizewe yo gusonerwa. Gipima aho ibintu bihurira kugira ngo gisuzume uburyo ibikoresho byo gusonerwa n'ubuso bw'urubaho rw'amashanyarazi bihurira.
Ikizamini cyo kurwanya ubushyuhe: Iki kizamini gisuzuma uburyo ikigo cy’itumanaho gihangana n’ihindagurika ry’ubushyuhe mu bidukikije birimo ubushyuhe bwinshi. Gikubiyemo gushyira ikigo cy’itumanaho mu bushyuhe bwinshi no kugishyira mu bushyuhe bwo hasi vuba kugira ngo harebwe uburyo gihangana n’ubushyuhe.
Imashini igenzura imirasire ya X
11. Imashini igenzura imirasire ya X: Imashini igenzura imirasire ya X irashobora kwinjira mu mbaho z’urukiramende nta mpamvu yo kuzica cyangwa ngo zigire ingaruka mbi, bityo ikirinda ikiguzi n’ibyangiritse bishobora kubaho. Ishobora kubona inenge ku mbaho z’urukiramende, harimo imyobo y’utubyimba, imirasire ifunguye, imirasire migufi, n’imirongo ifite amakosa. Ibikoresho bikora ku giti cyabyo, bikinjiza no gupakurura ibikoresho mu buryo bwikora, bikimenya, bigasesengura, kandi bigapima ibitagenda neza, kandi bigashyiraho ikimenyetso no gushyiraho ibirango mu buryo bwikora, bityo bikanoza imikorere.
Igipimo cy'ubunini bw'igitambaro
12. Igipimo cy'ubugari bw'igipfundikizo: Mu gihe cyo gukora amashami y'urukiramende, hakunze gukoreshwa ibikoresho bitandukanye byo gupfundikizo (nk'ibumba ry'icyuma, ibumba rya zahabu, nibindi) kugira ngo byongere ubushobozi bwo gutwara no kurwanya ingese. Ariko, ubugari bw'igipfundikizo budakwiye bushobora gutera ibibazo mu mikorere. Igipimo cy'ubugari bw'igipfundikizo gikoreshwa mu gupima ubunini bw'igipfundikizo ku buso bw'ikigo cy'urukiramende, kugira ngo gikoreshwe neza.
Igikoresho cya ROHS
13. Ibikoresho bya ROHS: Mu gukora utubati twa circuit twacapwe, ibikoresho bya ROHS bikoreshwa mu gushakisha no gusesengura ibintu byangiza mu bikoresho, harebwa ko byujuje ibisabwa n'amabwiriza ya ROHS. Amabwiriza ya ROHS, yashyizwe mu bikorwa n'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, abuza ibintu byangiza mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga n'amashanyarazi, harimo lead, mercure, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, n'ibindi. Ibikoresho bya ROHS bikoreshwa mu gupima ibikubiye muri ibi bintu byangiza, harebwa ko ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukora utubati twa circuit twacapwe byujuje ibisabwa na ROHS, birebwa ko umutekano w'ibicuruzwa n'ibidukikije birindwa.
14. Mikorosikopi ya Metallographic: Mikorosikopi ya Metallographic ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gusuzuma ubugari bw'umuringa bw'imbere n'inyuma, ubuso bukozwe mu mashanyarazi, imyobo ikozwe mu mashanyarazi, udupfukamunwa two gusudira, uburyo bwo gutunganya ubuso, n'ubugari bwa buri shanyarazi kugira ngo huzuze ibisabwa n'umukiriya.
Iduka ry'Ibice bya Mikorosikopi
Igice cya 1 cya Mikorosikopi
Igice cya 2 cya Mikorosikopi
Igipimo cy'umuringa ku buso bw'umwobo
15. Igipimo cy'umuringa gipima ubuso bw'umwobo: Iki gikoresho gikoreshwa mu gupima ubunini n'ingano y'icyuma gikozwe mu mwobo w'ibyuma byacapwe. Mu kumenya vuba ubunini bw'icyuma gikozwe mu muringa cyangwa ibinyuranyo biva ku ntera zagenwe, hashobora guhindurwa uburyo bwo gukora ku gihe.
Scanner ya AOI
16. AOI Scanner, mu magambo ahinnye avuga ko igenzura ry’amajwi ryikora, ni ubwoko bw’ibikoresho bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya optique kugira ngo bimenye ibice cyangwa ibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki mu buryo bwikora. Imikorere yabyo ikubiyemo gufata ishusho y’ikintu kirimo gusuzumwa hakoreshejwe sisitemu ya kamera ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru. Nyuma yaho, ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya amashusho rya mudasobwa rikoreshwa mu gusesengura no kugereranya ishusho, bigatuma habaho kumenya inenge z’ubuso n’ibibazo byangiritse ku kintu kigenewe.
17. Imashini igenzura isura ya PCB ni igikoresho cyagenewe gusuzuma ubwiza bw'amashusho y'amabati no kumenya inenge zo mu nganda. Iyi mashini ifite kamera ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru n'urumuri kugira ngo isuzume neza ubuso bwa PCB, imenye inenge zitandukanye nko gushwanyagurika, ingese, ubwandu, n'ibibazo byo gusudira. Ubusanzwe, ikubiyemo uburyo bwo gutanga no gupakurura ibintu mu buryo bwikora kugira ngo icunge amabati manini ya PCB no gutandukanya amabati yemewe n'ayanzwe. Mu gukoresha uburyo bwo gutunganya amashusho, inenge zagaragaye zishyirwa mu byiciro kandi zikagaragazwa, byorohereza gusana cyangwa gukuraho mu buryo bworoshye kandi bunoze. Kubera ubushobozi bwo gukora amashusho mu buryo bwikora no mu gutunganya amashusho, izi mashini zikora igenzura ryihuse, zikongera umusaruro kandi zikagabanya ikiguzi. Byongeye kandi, zishobora kubika ibisubizo by'igenzura no gutanga raporo zirambuye kugira ngo zikurikirane ubuziranenge kandi zongere umusaruro, amaherezo zikongera ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa.
Imashini igenzura isura 1
Imashini igenzura isura 2
Inenge zo kugenzura isura zashyizweho ikimenyetso
Igipimo cy'ubwandu bwa PCB
18. Igipimo cy’ubwandu bwa iyoni ya PCB ni igikoresho cyihariye gikoreshwa mu kumenya ubwandu bwa iyoni mu mbaho zacapwe (PCBs). Mu gihe cyo gukora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, kuba hari iyoni ku buso bwa PCB cyangwa mu kibaho bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y’uruhererekane n’ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa. Bityo, gusuzuma neza urwego rw’ubwandu bwa iyoni kuri PCB ni ingenzi kugira ngo hamenyekane ubuziranenge n’ubwiringiro bw’ibicuruzwa by’ikoranabuhanga.
Imashini ipima ubushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi
19. Imashini ipima amashanyarazi akingira amashanyarazi ikoreshwa mu gukora ibizamini by’amashanyarazi akingira amashanyarazi kugira ngo yemeze ko ibikoresho byo gukingira amashanyarazi n’imiterere y’akabati k’amashanyarazi bikurikiza amabwiriza asanzwe. Ibi bituma akabati k’amashanyarazi gakomeza gukingira amashanyarazi mu gihe cy’imikorere isanzwe, birinda ko amashanyarazi ashobora gucika intege bishobora guteza ibyago. Mu gusesengura ibyavuye mu isuzuma, ibibazo byose by’ingenzi ku kabati k’amashanyarazi bishobora kumenyekana vuba, bigafasha abashushanya kunoza imiterere y’akabati n’imiterere y’amashanyarazi kugira ngo bongere ubwiza n’imikorere yako.
Igipimo cya UV Spectrophotometer
20. Spektrofotometeri ya UV: Spektrofotometeri ya UV ikoreshwa mu gupima imiterere y’urumuri rw’ibikoresho bishobora gufotora bishyirwa ku mbaho z’urukiramende. Ibi bikoresho, akenshi bikoreshwa mu gukora imbaho z’urukiramende zacapwe, bishinzwe gukora imiterere n’imirongo ku mbaho.
Imirimo ya spectrophotometer ya UV irimo:
1) Gupima imiterere y'urumuri rwa photoresist: Mu gusesengura imiterere y'urumuri rwa photoresist mu buryo bworoshye, urwego rw'urumuri rwa ultraviolet rushobora kumenyekana. Aya makuru afasha mu guhindura imiterere n'ubugari bw'urumuri rwa photoresist kugira ngo harebwe imikorere yarwo n'uko rudahinduka mu gihe cyo gufotora.
2) Kumenya ibipimo by’igaragara ry’urumuri rwa fotolithography: Binyuze mu isesengura ry’imiterere y’urumuri rwa fotolithography, ibipimo by’igaragara ry’urumuri rwa fotolithography, nk’igihe cyo kwigaragaza n’ubukana bw’urumuri, bishobora kumenyekana. Ibi bituma imiterere n’imirongo byiyongera neza kuri fotolithography bivuye kuri circuit board.
Igipimo cya pH
21. Igipimo cya pH: Mu gikorwa cyo gukora utubati twa circuit, imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura ibinyabutabire nko gusuka no gusukura alkali ikunze gukoreshwa. Igipimo cya pH gikoreshwa kugira ngo gikoreshweze ko agaciro ka pH k'umuti uvura kaguma mu rugero rukwiye. Ibi byemeza ko imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura ibinyabutabire ikora neza, ikora neza kandi ihamye, bityo bikanoza ireme n'ubwizigirwa bw'umusaruro, ariko kandi hagakorwa ahantu hatekanye.
